English
is an international language which is very useful in this
globalization era. Therefore, many people want to master English.
Some of them have been able to learn it successfully and used it in
daily communication, while some others may think that English is a
difficult subject to master. In other words, we can say that some
people will successfully learn and use English, while some others
will not.
In
English, there are four language skills, namely listening, reading,
speaking, and writing. Listening and reading, belong to receptive
skills, while speaking and writing belong to productive skills.
Language learners are considered successful if they can communication
effectively in the language. It means that the parameter of learning
success is judged by the fluency of the language they produce. As a
result, the learners success is often evaluated from their speaking
ability, as language learners, we must be able to speak the language
fluently. There must be some factors that are responsible for
the learners success.
A
common observation is that not only are some language learners more
successful than others, but also those good language learners do
different things than poorer language learners. In second language
acquisition literature, this refers to the so called language
learning strategy ( LLS ). Simply put, Language learning strategy is
specific action, behavior, step, or technique used by the learners in
the process of learning a language to improve their language skills.
All language learners, needles to say, use language learning strategy
in the learning process, whether in a conscious or unconscious
way. The use of language learning strategy will somehow help the
learners to improve their ability in learning a second language if
the strategy selected by the learners appropriate with them. In
contrast, if the learners use the strategy which is not appropriate
for them, it will be useless.
The
Strategies used to improve speaking ability
Based
on Oxford’s taxonomy , there were 2 strategies used by successful
English learners to improve speaking ability are : Directly and
Indirectly strategies.
1.
Directly Strategies
In
directly strategies consist of 3 sets : memory strategies, cognitive
strategies, and compensation strategies. It was important to be
considered that to improve their speaking ability, the subjects
needed to use memory strategies which assisted them in storing and
retrieving the information ; cognitive strategies which helped them
in understanding and producing the language ; and compensation
strategies which aided them to overcome their limitation in speaking.
These sets, therefore, assisted the learners to be good ‘performer’
of language ( Oxford 1990:14).
a)
Memory strategies
Memory
strategies consist of creating mental linkages, applying sounds and
reviewing well.
b)
Cognitive Strategies
In cognitive
strategies , there were 3 strategies to be considered : practicing,
receiving and sending message, and analyzing and reasoning.
c)
Compensation Strategies
This
strategy was important as it assisted the learners to solve their
difficulties in learning, especially in Speaking . The learners
needed to use this strategy to avoid communication breakdown.
2.
Indirectly Strategies
In
Speaking, learners not only have good performers but the
learners also have to be able to manage their emotion ,motivation ,
and attitudes. This is called indirect strategies. Indirectly
strategies consist of 3 sets, are metacognitive strategies ,
affective strategies and social strategies.
a)
Metacognitive Strategies
There
were 3 strategies in this set : centering the learning, arranging and
planning the learning and evaluating the learning. Centering the
learning as a part of metacognitive strategies covered over
viewing and linking the materials , paying attention , and delaying
speech production.
b
) Affective Strategies
There
were 3 strategies used by the subjects; they were lowering the
anxiety, encouraging themselves, and taking the emotional
temperature. Lowering the anxiety was used by the subjects especially
when they were in competition, although only 3 subjects used this
strategy. Besides, they also made positive statements to
motivate them internally and gave themselves rewards to motivate them
internally and gave themselves rewards to motivate them externally.
c
) Social Strategies
Speaking
will not be successfully done if one of these three
components is missing. Social strategies can be considered as abridge
that assists the learners to interact with others. There were 3
strategies to be considered : asking question, cooperating with
others, emphatizing with others.
Learning
strategies , in fact are the issues of language learning which
nowadays seems to be important to know and to do by language
learners. Some strategies will be useful to some learners more than
others, so it is hard to indicate at which strategy the kinds of
learners to be the greatest one (Cahyani,2010 ).
Di Asia tercatat 9,5 juta orang terperangkap dalam kerja paksa, di Amerika Latin dan Karibia sekitar 1 juta orang, di sub – Sahara Afrika sekitar 600 ribu orang, Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara 260 ribu orang. Eksploitasi tersebut terjadi di sector – sector pertanian, konstruksi, pembuatan bahan bangunan, dan permesinan yang seharusnya membedakan antara pekerja pria dan wanita. 
