TYPES OF TRANSLATION

·         There are eight types of translation: 

·         1.Word For Word translation: The SL word order is preserved and the words translated by their most common meanings. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of this method is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as pre-translation process.

·         2. Literal translation: The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical items are again translated out of context. As pre-translation process, it indicates problems to be solved.

·         3. Faithful translation: It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical deviation from SL norms. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realisation of the SL writer.

·         4. Semantic translation: It differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on 7meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word play or repetition jars in the finished version. It does not rely on cultural equivalence and makes very small concessions to the readership. While `faithful' translation is dogmatic, semantic translation is more flexible.

·         5. Communicative translation: It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.

·         6. Idiomatic translation: It reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms.

·         7. Free translation: It reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original.

·         8. Adaptation: This is the freest form of translation mainly used for plays and poetry: themes/ characters/ plots preserved, SL culture converted to TL culture & text is rewritten. 

EXAMPLE OF DESCRIPTION TEXT

 Kelimutu National Park

Kelimutu National Park is Located in Ende Regency, on Flores Island-East Nusa Tenggara Province. This Uniqueness of this park consists in the three Couldron-Shaped lakes, each of which is a different colour : blue, green and brown. The colours change from time to time.

Kelimutu National Park can be reached from almost every regional capital in Flores by way of 4 wheel drives vehicles.Visitors from the westcan take the route via Ende and then continue on to Moni which is at a distance of 53 km. From the east they can pass though Maumere and then continue on to Moni which is at distance of 95 KM. From Moni can be reached by treck to Kelimutu ( 13 km )

Lake Kelimutu which is located in top of the mountain this Kelimutu enter in network of National Park Kelimutu. This Lake reside in the height 1.631 metre from sea level.

Some flora which can be met around lake for example Kesambi ( Schleichera Oleosa), Fir-Tree ( Casuarina Equisetifolia) and endless flower [of] Edelweiss. While fauna [of] exist in about lake, for example Deer ( Cervus Timorensis), Forest Pig ( Sus Sp.), Partridge ( Gallus Gallus) and Hawk.

COMMENTARY TEXT

A commentary text is not a summary of an issue. This text consists of 90 % from the writer’s idea or opinion.

A commentary text structure consists of three (3) components. They are:

1. Title
2. General Statement
3. Stepped explanation

Now read the example of a commentary text!

TV Films Must Be Censored

There are too many movies on TV featuring vulgarity, violence, superstition and indecency. Scenes depicting violence may inspire high school students to do likewise in a brawl, for example.
Films selected for broadcast should inspire viewers to be persistent in their struggle for better life, and should not feature mentally disturbed people. They should present the beauty of Indonesia and the diversity of its traditional culture. Most importantly, TV films should have plausible plots.

Given the above explanation, it is necessary to subject all TV movies to tight censorship as otherwise these films will only create a permissive and violent society.

Read also a commentary text below!
Title: : Cheating with Mobile PhonesGeneral statement:
As police expand their investigation into cheating in the state run college entrance exam by using mobile phones, people deplore the low morality among the growing generation and many also condemn the absurdity of the current education system that drove student to do such a thing. Strong blame should also be laid on local authorities who failed to prevent such a misdeed, long anticipated in the overdeveloping information technology environment of this country.

Explanation:
About 100 students in Gwangju have been "confirmed" as having been involved in the cheating, some transmitting the answer, some receiving them, others coordinating the illicit communications outside testing places.

It is unfortunate that dishonest means were used by students who wanted to get a higher score in the state test and enter a college that is beyond their academic ability.
But what dismay us are that such scandals as this and other scandals will continue to take place around us until and unless the nation is freed from its obsession with college diplomas.

To make better understanding about a commentary text! See the model of text below!

Filthy Terminal
Arjosari bus station is very poor condition. Street vendors are found virtually everywhere in this terminal. The restaurant inside the bus station carelessly tosses out its dirty water as it pleases. The garbage is everywhere. The whole place stinks. The whole station is the very picture of filth
As every public transportation, vehicle that enters this station has to pay a fee, there is, in fact, a source of money to pay people to keep the terminal clean.

EngLish in the cLass

English is an international language which is very useful in this globalization era. Therefore, many people want to study English. In here, I will explain some basic knowledge of English skill.

GREETINGS

1.      FORMAL

Saying Hello                                                                          Possible Response

Hello, Morning, Good Morning, Hi                                        I’m very well, thank you.

How are you?                                                                          I’m not really well

How are you doing?                                                               I’m feeling really ill.

How’s life?                                                                             I have headache.

How is your……..?                                                                 So far so good.

How are you getting on?

Is a beautiful day, isn’t it?                                                      Yes. It is.

What a day?                                                                            Yes, it is sunny and windy.

It was raining early this morning.                                           Yes, I had. My weekend was great.

Did you have a good weekend?                                             You too.

How was your weekend?

Nice to see you again.

Saying Goodbye

See you later                                                                           See you.

Bye, take care                                                                         Keep in touch.

Goodbye                                                                                 Good night

See you soon                                                                           Sweet dream.

2.      INFORMAL

What’s up.

Long time no see.

Example dialogue of  GREETINGS AND INTRODUCTION

Glend  Paulus              : Hi, my name is Glend Paulus. You can call me Glend.

Chokky Shitohang      : I’am Chokky Shitohang. My nickname is Chokky. Nice to meet you Glend.

Glend Paulus               : Nice to meet you too. Where are you from, Chokky?

Choky Shitohang        : I’m from Surabaya. And you?

Glend Paulus               : I’m from Malang. What’s your education department?

Choky Shitohang        : English education . Are you English too?

Glend Paulus               : No, I’m not. Im  in history education department. Well, I must go now.    See you soon.

Choky Shitohang        : See you.

Asking for something            Asking about words              Asking to repeat

Can I have a pen,

please?                                     What’s  “(the world)” in        Could/ Can you repeat that, please?

                                                English?

Do you have a pen                  What does “(the world)”        Could/ Can you say that again,

for me?                                    mean?                                      please?

May I have a pen,                                                                   Pardon me?

please?                                                                                     Can/ Could you mention the last                                                                                                        sword?

My I wash my hand, sir?

Apologizing                            Asking for help                      Saying Hello and Goodbye

                                                                                                Good morning/ afternoon/ evening!

Excuse me, please.                  I don’t understand.                 Hello/ Hi

I;m sorry.                                 Can you help me,                    How are you?

                                                please?

Sorry about that.                     Is this right/ wrong?                Goodbye

Sorry I’m late.                         I’m sorry sir. You’re               Have a good weekend/  day /

                                                too fast.                                   evening/ time!

TERPERANGKAP KERJA PAKSA

Sekitar 12 juta orang di seluruh dunia terperangkap dalam praktek kerja paksa. Hal ini seharusnya tidak terjadi dalam era modern saat ini. Demikian hasil penelitian Organisasi Buruh Internasional ( ILO ).

ILO menyebutkan bahwa dari total 12 juta orang tersebut hampir 10 juta orang dieksploitasi melalui kerja paksa, umumnya disektor swasta. Sisanya sekitar 2 juta orang menjadi korban penyelundupan manusia.

“Kerja paksa merupakan sisi suram dari globalisasi dan mengabaikan hak-hak asasi manusia,” kata Direktur ILO , Juan Somavia.

Di Asia tercatat 9,5 juta orang terperangkap dalam kerja paksa, di Amerika Latin dan Karibia sekitar 1 juta orang, di sub – Sahara Afrika sekitar 600 ribu orang, Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara 260 ribu orang. Eksploitasi tersebut terjadi di sector – sector pertanian, konstruksi, pembuatan bahan bangunan, dan permesinan yang seharusnya membedakan antara pekerja pria dan wanita.

ILO juga mencatat bahwa 40-50 % dari total pekerja paksa itu adalah anak-anak di bawah 18 tahun yang harus bekerja berat. Selain itu, tercatat sekitar 2 juta orang dipaksa bekerja oleh penguasa atau kelompok pemberontak. Orang-orang yang masuk kedalam kerja paksa itu umumnya karena terjepit utang serta tidak bisa lepas dari lingkaran kemiskinan.

Kegiatan kerja paksa tersebut terjadi karena kurangnya pengawasan atau perekrutan tenaga kerja dan lemahnya posisi kerja. Munculnya bentuk-bentuk baru dari pemaksaan dalam globalisasi ekonomi saat ini juga menimbulkan sejumlah masalah.

“ Kerja paksa sangat bertentangan dengan kelayakan kerja yang menjadi tujuan dari ILO,”UJAR Somavia. Oleh sebab itu, katanya perlu strategi yang tepat untuk menghapuskan kegiatan kerja paksa itu dengan melibatkan berbagai pihak seperti pemerintah,organisasi pekerja, pengusaha, dan badan-badan pembangunan.

                                                                                                                                                                         

                                                                                                                                                                 (Dikutip dari Kompas Cyber Media)

MEMPERTANYAKAN JANJI PEMERINTAH

Gegap gempita kasus deportasi TKI illegal belum selesai. Kasus TKI Ilegal berujung pada kunjungan Presiden ke Malaysia itu memang membuahkan hasil, yakni penundaan kembali pelaksanaan razia dan deportasi menjadi mulai 1 maret 2005. Akan tetapi, jangan berharap lebih dari itu. Kesepakatan pemimpin tertinggi kedua Negara itu tidak akan menyelesaikan akar masalahnya. Selain itu, tidak menjamin dikemudian hari tidak akan ada lagi kasus-kasus seperti ini.

Kunci penyelesaian semua masalah itu adalah menciptakan lapangan kerja di dalam negri. Oleh karena itu, sudah saatnya kita mempertanyakan kembali kebijakan ekonomi dan pembangunan yang ditempuh pemerintah selama ini. Benarkah kebijakan-kebijakan tersebut dapat menciptakan lapangan kerja? Jika kita membicarakan arah kebijakan pembangunan ekonomi, berarti mempersoalkan juga pilihan-pilihan sektor dan industri-industri yang menjadi prioritas dalam pembangunan ke depan.

Persoalannnya adalah sampai sekarang belum terlihat tanda-tanda bahwa pemerintah serius menangani sector pertanian. Saat ini, sector pertanian menjadi tumpuan hidup 25,6 juta keluarga petani atau sekitar 125 juta penduduk Indonesia dan setiap tahunnya diharapkan mampu menyerap hampir 1 juta angkatan kerja baru.

Menurut pengamat ekonomi pertanian , Bustanil Arifin, sector pertanian tidak dapat diandalkan sebagai penyerap tenaga kerja dari perkotaan. Kelebihan tenaga kerja di pedesaan ini akhirnya mengalir kembali ke perkotaan sebagai buruh kasar.

Jika dilihat dari struktur, angkatan kerja di Indonesia didominasi oleh penduduk usia keja yang berpendidikan rendah dan berketrampilan rendah. Akan tetapi, jika dilihat dari profil mereka yang menganggur, ada kecendrungan dalm beberapa tahun terakhir, jumlah penganggur dengan jenjang pendidikan lebih tinggi semakin meningkat.

Dalam beberapa kasus, kondisi ini sering dikaitkan dengan kurikulum pendidikan di Indonesia. Kurikulum tersebut tidak dirancang atau diarahkan secara khusus untuk menghasilkan tenaga- tenaga kerja terampil sesuai kebutuhan industry atau sector-sector yang ada. Akibat dominasi tenaga kerja berketrampilan rendah ini, manufactur yang berkembang hanya hanya industry padat karya yang mengandalkan tenaga kerja murah, seperti industry tekstil dan produk tekstil, alas kaki dan industry kayu. Yang Ironisnya, industry atau sector-sektor itu kini terpuruk karena berbagia permasalahan yang kompleks, seperi daya saing yang terus merosot, hambatan regulasi, dan kebijakan fiscal yang tidak mendukung.

Sementara itu, industry yang terbukti menyerap dan menjadi tumpuan utama penghidupan mayoritas penduduk, seperti industry-industri yang berbasis pertanian atau kelautan / perikanan,telantar dan dianaktirikan. Oleh karena itu, untuk menangani hal tersebut diperlukan renaissance atau gerakan kembali ke industry yang menjadi kekuatan dasar dari Negara ini, yakni sector pertanian dan kelautan. Setelah ituberkembang,baru kita melangkah ke sector industry lainnya.

A GIRL WITH CAUSE

A GIRL WITH CAUSE

Everybody has different causes to reach one career in the world. And it also come about Kristen Jaymes Stewart. She is a hollywood actrees who raised in Los Angeles,California. Her whole family all worked behind the camera. She tought she would becoma a writer / director. She never considered become an actor. She’s now so famous for her role as Bella Swan, the clumsy new student at Forks High School who falls in love with vampire Edward Cullen in ” The Twilight Saga".

Kristen Stewart was born on April 9,1990 and raised in Los Angeles,California. This 22 –year-old girl’s acting career began at the age of eight, after an agent saw her perform in her elementary school play. She has started more than 19 films. Stewart’s first role was a non speaking part in the film “ The Thirteenth Year “.

On November 16,2007, Summit Entertainment announced that Stewart would play Isabella “Bella” Swann in the film “ Twilight “, based on Stephani Meyer’s best selling vampire romance novel. She star alongside Robert Pattinson , who plays Edward Cullen. After the release of Twilight, Kristen Stewart was awarded the MTV Movie Award for Best Female Performance for her potrayal as Bella Swan. Stewart reappeared as Bella Swan. Stewart reappeared as Bella in sequels, “The Twilight saga: Breaking Dawn-Part 1”, and “The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn-Part 2”.

Stewart currently lives in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles. Stewart who does not watch TV has expressed a desire to live in work in Australia. Apart from acting , she is also interesed in attending college in the near future, sAying “ I want to go to college for literature, I want to be a writer. I mean I love what I do, but it’s not all I want to do – be a profesional liar for the rest of my life.

According to Robert Patinson, Kristen Stewart is a very unique girl. She swear like a sailor and feel everything 200 percent. She’s atlethic and tomboyish. Her favourite clothes are jeans. In other words, Kristen is an intense young lady.

A reporter asked her about her initial impression of the twilight project. She said, “ I thought it was really ambitious, this portrayal of the ultimate, most epic love love story that could could be. Also, Bella is not a typical female lead. The power balance between her and Edward is really skewed. Edward is a confident, perfect idealistic man, although deep down he’s actually really afraid.

In Breaking Down, she has got to be pregnant and have a baby, somenthing she never exprience in her real life. She said she learned from who just have a baby. And she said “So I’m a godmom now, which is crazy.” She has to wear prosthetic bellies for this flim. She said, “I’m incredibly pregnant in yhe first movie. I was trying on prosthetic bellies. I’ve worn it. It is crazy. And this time film people could compare the diffrent of Bella, prevampire, and post vampire.